Conventions, legislation and contributing bodies.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
CITES is a global voluntary agreement between governments of different countries. CITES is legally binding on the countries, therefore each country will have their own legislation to ensure CITES is implemented at the national level. COTES is the Control of Trade in Endangered Species which acts as the statutory instrument in the UK under the auspices of CITES.
The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices according to the degree of protection they need. This means certain species are "protected through regulation of international trade in live specimens, parts and derivatives."
Appendix I - Species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional cicumstances.
Appendix II - Species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival.
Appendix III - Species protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES countries for assistance in controlling wildlife trade.
The Bonn Convention (Convention on Migratory Species-CMS) is the international law to protect migratory species. Migratory animals are very effective indicators of environmental changes that affect us all and their dependence on different habitats makes them more vulnerable than sedentary animals. CMS is a Framework Convention and countries are able to latch on to this.
Species on Appendix I of the Convention covers migratory species threatened with extinction.
Species on Appendix II of the Convention covers migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation.
The Bern Convention ensures conservation and protection of wild plant and animal species and their natural habitats. It protects over 500 wild plant species and more than 1000 wild animal species.
The Convention was adopted in Bern, Switzerland 1979 coming into force in 1982 with the EC Habitats Directive, EC Birds Directive and EU Water Framework Directive determining Europe's role.
OSPAR is the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic which replaced the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (Oslo Convention)and the Paris Convention. It was adopted in September 1992 and came into force in March 1998. It considers matters such as marine pollution and protecting the marine environment through a series of Annexes used in the Oslo Convention and Paris Convention. These offer different levels of protection:
Annex I - Prevention and elimination of pollution from land based sources.
Annex II - Prevention and elimination of pollution by dumping or incineration.
Annex III - Prevention and elimination of pollution from offshore sources.
Annex IV - Assessment of the quality of the marine environment
Since 1998 Annex V has been adopted: Protection and conservation of the ecosystems and biological diversity of the maritime area.
The Ramsar Convention was adopted in Ramsar, Iran 1971. This is the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Its aims are to designate Ramsar Sites, promote sensible use of wetlands through international co-operation.
In the UK these Ramsar Sites are known as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) protected under WACA81 and CRow 2000. Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) are designated by EU Natura 2000 networks in response to the EC Birds Directive and EC Habitats Directive.
United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)set out the legal framework regarding how activities in the sea and oceans are carried out and was adopted in 1982. Issues such as Baselines and passage of the sea are included as well as Protection of the Marine Environment. It is made up of 320 articles and nine Annexes concerning ocean space.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This offers the status of different species on the Red List of Threatened Species but is not legally binding. It is the worlds largest environmental network created in 1948 and has helped more than 75 countries prepare and implement,national conservation and biodiversity stategies.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Focuses on using the environment to sustainably develop. They work with many partners to assess environmental conditions, trends and conflicts.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development formed the Rio Declaration in 1992, also known as the Earth Summit. This consists of 27 principles that form the basis of sustainable economic development. This also bought about the Precautionary Principle to guide biodiversity management and is the basis for Biodiversity Action Plans.
CITES is a global voluntary agreement between governments of different countries. CITES is legally binding on the countries, therefore each country will have their own legislation to ensure CITES is implemented at the national level. COTES is the Control of Trade in Endangered Species which acts as the statutory instrument in the UK under the auspices of CITES.
The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices according to the degree of protection they need. This means certain species are "protected through regulation of international trade in live specimens, parts and derivatives."
Appendix I - Species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional cicumstances.
Appendix II - Species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival.
Appendix III - Species protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES countries for assistance in controlling wildlife trade.
The Bonn Convention (Convention on Migratory Species-CMS) is the international law to protect migratory species. Migratory animals are very effective indicators of environmental changes that affect us all and their dependence on different habitats makes them more vulnerable than sedentary animals. CMS is a Framework Convention and countries are able to latch on to this.
Species on Appendix I of the Convention covers migratory species threatened with extinction.
Species on Appendix II of the Convention covers migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation.
The Bern Convention ensures conservation and protection of wild plant and animal species and their natural habitats. It protects over 500 wild plant species and more than 1000 wild animal species.
The Convention was adopted in Bern, Switzerland 1979 coming into force in 1982 with the EC Habitats Directive, EC Birds Directive and EU Water Framework Directive determining Europe's role.
OSPAR is the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic which replaced the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft (Oslo Convention)and the Paris Convention. It was adopted in September 1992 and came into force in March 1998. It considers matters such as marine pollution and protecting the marine environment through a series of Annexes used in the Oslo Convention and Paris Convention. These offer different levels of protection:
Annex I - Prevention and elimination of pollution from land based sources.
Annex II - Prevention and elimination of pollution by dumping or incineration.
Annex III - Prevention and elimination of pollution from offshore sources.
Annex IV - Assessment of the quality of the marine environment
Since 1998 Annex V has been adopted: Protection and conservation of the ecosystems and biological diversity of the maritime area.
The Ramsar Convention was adopted in Ramsar, Iran 1971. This is the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Its aims are to designate Ramsar Sites, promote sensible use of wetlands through international co-operation.
In the UK these Ramsar Sites are known as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) protected under WACA81 and CRow 2000. Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) are designated by EU Natura 2000 networks in response to the EC Birds Directive and EC Habitats Directive.
United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)set out the legal framework regarding how activities in the sea and oceans are carried out and was adopted in 1982. Issues such as Baselines and passage of the sea are included as well as Protection of the Marine Environment. It is made up of 320 articles and nine Annexes concerning ocean space.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This offers the status of different species on the Red List of Threatened Species but is not legally binding. It is the worlds largest environmental network created in 1948 and has helped more than 75 countries prepare and implement,national conservation and biodiversity stategies.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Focuses on using the environment to sustainably develop. They work with many partners to assess environmental conditions, trends and conflicts.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development formed the Rio Declaration in 1992, also known as the Earth Summit. This consists of 27 principles that form the basis of sustainable economic development. This also bought about the Precautionary Principle to guide biodiversity management and is the basis for Biodiversity Action Plans.
UK legislation
The Bern Convention was implemented into UK law in 1982 by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. This Act is supplemented by the Habitat Regulations 1994 under the auspices of the EC Habitats Directive and the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.
Other wildlife crime topics covered in my degree:
Species at Risk: Bats
The Illegal Wildlife Trade
Bees
Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPS)
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA81)
Twelve Fish Protected Under WCA81
Breeding and/or Catching Animals for fur: Debate
Traditional Alternative Medicines (TAMs)
Seals
Environmental Ethics and Ecopsychology
The Climate Change Conference 2009
Biological Diversity
Conservation Strategies
Conventions, Legislation and Contributing Bodies
Example Papers of Forensic Analysis used in Wildlife Crimes
Researching Wildlife Crime - My Research Idea
Climate Change Affecting Wildlife
Coral Reefs
Other wildlife crime topics covered in my degree:
Species at Risk: Bats
The Illegal Wildlife Trade
Bees
Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPS)
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA81)
Twelve Fish Protected Under WCA81
Breeding and/or Catching Animals for fur: Debate
Traditional Alternative Medicines (TAMs)
Seals
Environmental Ethics and Ecopsychology
The Climate Change Conference 2009
Biological Diversity
Conservation Strategies
Conventions, Legislation and Contributing Bodies
Example Papers of Forensic Analysis used in Wildlife Crimes
Researching Wildlife Crime - My Research Idea
Climate Change Affecting Wildlife
Coral Reefs
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